Questões da Lógica da Pesquisa Científica ou Um Exercício de Metodologia Dogmática

Mario Brockmann Machado

doi:10.19092/reed.v6i1.400

Articles

Vol. 6 No. 1 (2019): Brazilian Journal of Empirical Legal Studies

Logic questions of scientific research or an exercise of dogmatic methodology

Mario Brockmann Machado⁺⁻

PDF (Português (Brasil))

DOI: https://doi.org/10.19092/reed.v6i1.400
Submitted: March 19, 2019
Published: 2019-05-10

Abstract

Este artigo apresenta uma análise sistemática de temas fundamentais da pesquisa científica, a saber: conceitos, definições, indicadores, sentenças, hipóteses, leis e teorias, explicação e predição. Para tanto, foi elaborada uma síntese, reconhecidamente heterodoxa, livremente inspirada na filosofia da ciência do Positivismo Lógico do Círculo mde Viena e nas tradições inglesas do empirismo e da filosofia analítica da linguagem.

References

Achinstein, Peter, e Stephen Barber (orgs.). (1969). The legacy of Logical Positivism, Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press.
Ammerman, Robert. (1965). Classics of Analytical Philosophy. Nova York: McGraw-Hill.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do Things with Words. Oxford: Claredon Press. [Quando dizer é Fazer, trad. D. Marcondes, Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1990].
Ayer, Jules. (1946 [1935]). Language, Truth, and Logic. Mineola, NY: Dover.
_____ (org.). (1959). Logical Positivism. Nova York: The Free Press.
Bergmann, Gustav. (1957). Philosophy of Science. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
_____. (1951). The logic of psychological concepts. Philosophy of Science, vol. 18, p. 93-110.
Black, Max. (1964). A Companion to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Bloomfield, Leonard. (1969 [1939]). Linguistic Aspects of Science. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol.1, n.4, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Braithwaite, Richard B. (1953). Scientific Explanation. Londres e Nova York: Cambridge University Press.
Braybrooke, David (org.). (1956). Philosophical Problems of the Social Sciences. Londres: MacMillan.
Brodbeck, May. (1959). Models, Meaning, and Theories. In: Gross, op. cit., p. 373-403.
Carnap, Rudolph. (1959). The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language. In: Ayer, Logical Positivism, op. cit., p. 60-81.
_____. Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology. In: Rorty, op. cit., p. 72-84.
_____. (1967 [1928]). The Logical Structure of the World. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
_____. Testability and meaning. In: Feigl & Brodbeck, op. cit., p. 47-92.
Chisholm, Roderick M. (1966). Theory of Knowledge. Upper Saddle River, NJ. [Teoria do Conhecimento, s/indicação de tradutor, Zahar, 1969].
Danto, Arthur; Morgenbesser, Sidney (orgs.). (1960). Philosophy of Science: Meridian Books. Filosofia da ciência. (1975). Sem indicação de tradutor, São Paulo: Cultrix/Ed. USP.
Feigl, Herbert. (1967). The“Mental” and the “Physical”: the essay and a postscript. Mineápolis: University of Minnesota Press.
_____ & May Brodbeck (orgs.). (1953). Readings in the Philosophy of Science. Nova York: Appleton, Century, Crofts.
_____ & Grover Maxwell (orgs.). (1961). Current Issues in the Philosophy of Science. Nova York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
_____. (1958). Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. II, Mineápolis: Minnesota University Press.
_____. (1962). Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. III, Mineápolis: University of Minnesota Press.
_____ & Michael Scriven (orgs.). (1956). Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol.I, Mineápolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Flew, Antony (org.). (1964). Logic and Language. Nova York: Anchor Books.
Goldberg, Arthur; Gregor, James; Gunnell, John. (1969). Symposium on Scientific Explanation in Political Science. American Political Science Review, vol. LXIII, n. 4, p. 1233-1262.
Goodman, Nelson. (1951). The Structure of Appearance, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Hegenberg, Leônidas. (1969). Explicação Científica. São Paulo: Herder.
Hempel, Carl G. (1965). Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philisophy of Science. Nova York: Free Press.
_____. (1952). Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol. II, n. 7. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
_____. (1966). Philosophy of Natural Science. Nova York, Prentice Hall. Filosofia da ciência natural. (1970). Sem indicação de tradutor, Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
Joergenson, Joergen. (1951). The Development of Logical Empiricism. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol. II, n. 9. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, Thomas S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. A estrutura das revoluções científicas. (1975). Sem indicação de tradutor, São Paulo: Perpectiva.
Morgenbesser, Sidney; Suppes, P; White, M. (orgs.). (1969). Philosophy, Science, and Method. Nova York: St. Martin’s Press.
Nagel, Ernest. (1961). The Structure of Science. Nova York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
_______; Suppes, P.; Tarski, A. (orgs.). (1962). Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Natanson, Maurice (org.). (1963). Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Nova York: Random House.
Neurath, Otto. (1944). Foundations of the Social Sciences., Chicago: Chicago University Press.
_______. Sociology and Physicalism. In: Ayer, op. cit., p. 282-317.
Pap, Arthur. (1962). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Nova York: Free Press.
Passmore, John. (1967). Logical Positivism. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 5. Londres: MacMillan, p. 52-57.
Popper, Karl. (1965 [1935]). The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Nova York: Harper and Row. [A lógica da pesquisa científica (1998), trad. Leônidas Hegenberg e Octanny Silveira da Mota, São Paulo: Cultrix, 7ª ed.].
Przeworski, Adam, e Henry Teune. (1970). The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry, Nova York: John Wiley & Sons.
Quine, W. V. Orman. (1951). Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Philosophical Review, 60, p. 20-43.
_____. (1963). From a Logical Point of View, Nova York: Harper & Row.
Reichenbach, Hans. (1968). The Rise of Scientific Philosophy, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Rorty, Richard (org.). (1967). The Linguistic Turn, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Rudner, Richard. (1966). Philosophy of Social Science, Englewood Cliffs: Nova Jersey. [Filosofia da Ciência Social, Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1969].
Russell, Bertrand. (1940). An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, Londres: Allen and Unwin.
____. (1948). Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, Londres: Allen and Unwin. [O conhecimento humano, sua finalidade e limites, s/indicação de tradutor, São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional, 1958].
_____. (1926). Our Knowledge of the External World, Londres: Allen and Unwin. [Nosso conhecimento do mundo exterior: estabelecimento de um campo para estudos sobre o método científico em filosofia, s/indicação de tradutor, São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional, 1966].
Ryle, Gilbert. (2009 [1949; 1971]). The Concept of Mind and Collected Papers (Volumes I and II), Londres: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Salmon, Wesley. (1973). Logic, Nova York, Prentice Hall. [Lógica, trad. [Leônidas Hegenberg e Octanny Silveira da Mota, Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 6ª ed., 1984].
Schlik, Moritz. The Future of Philosophy, in Rorty, op. cit., p. 43-53.
Toulmin, Stephen. (1953). The Philosophy of Science, Londres: Hutchinson.
Waismann, F. (2013[1967]). Wittgenstein und der Wiener Kreis, trad. [para o inglês] J. Schulte e B. McGinnis, Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Winch, Peter. (1958). The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy, Londres: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [A ideia de uma ciência social, trad. Anísio Teixeira e Vera Freitas de Castro, São Paulo: Cia Ed. Nacional, 1970].
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. (1922 [1921]). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, edição bilíngue alemão/inglês, trad. [para o inglês] C. K. Ogden, Londres: Routledge & Kegan Paul, [Tractatus logico-philosophicus, trad., apresentação e ensaio introdutório L. H. Lopes dos Santos, introdução Bertrand Russell, São Paulo: EdUSP, 3ª ed. 2001].
________. (1958). The Blue and Brown Books, edited by R. Rhees, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
_______. (1958 [1953]). Philosophical Investigations, trad. [para o inglês] G. E. M. Anscombe, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, [Investigações filosóficas, trad. Marcos G. Montagnoli, Petrópolis, RJ/Bragança Paulista, SP: Vozes/EdUSF, 9ª ed. 2014].
Friedman, Michael. (1999). Reconsidering Logical Positivism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Galavotti, Maria Carla (org.), Cambridge and Vienna. Frank Ramsey and the Vienna Circle. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.
Hardcastle, Gary; Richardson, Alan (orgs.). (2003). Logical Empiricism in North America, Mineápolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
Parrini, Paolo; Wesley, Salmon; Wesley, Merrilee (orgs.). (2003). Logical Empiricism. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Pittsburg, Pensilvânia: University of Pittsburg Press.
Pincock, Christopher. (2016). Logical Empiricism, in Cappelen, Herman, Tamar Szabó Gendler e John Hawthorne (orgs.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Methodology, Nova York: Oxford University Press, p. 93-111.
Rescher, Nicholas (org.). (1985). The Heritage of Logical Positivism, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
______. (2006). The Berlin School of Logical Empiricism and its Legacy, Erkenntnis, 64, p. 281-304.
Richardson, Alan; Uebel; Thomas (orgs.). (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sarkar, Sahotra (org.). (1996). The Legacy of the Vienna Circle: Modern Reappraisals, Nova York: Garland.
Stadler, Friedrich. (2001 [1997]). The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism, Vienna Circle Institute Library, Viena e Nova York: Springer. Edição abreviada e revista, Nova York: Springer, 2005.
______ (org.). (2003). The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism. Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives, Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Dordrecht-Boston-Londres: Kluwer.
Uebel, Thomas. (2013). Logical Positivism – Logical Empiricism: What’s in a Name?, Perspectives of Science, 21, p. 58-99.
________. (2016). Vienna Circle, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (org.), Disponível em: <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/vuienna-circle/>.

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How to Cite

Machado, M. B. (2019). Logic questions of scientific research or an exercise of dogmatic methodology . Brazilian Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.19092/reed.v6i1.400

Copyright Notice

[1] Achinstein, Peter, e Stephen Barber (orgs.). (1969). The legacy of Logical Positivism, Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press.

[2] Ammerman, Robert. (1965). Classics of Analytical Philosophy. Nova York: McGraw-Hill.

[3] Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do Things with Words. Oxford: Claredon Press. [Quando dizer é Fazer, trad. D. Marcondes, Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1990].

[4] Ayer, Jules. (1946 [1935]). Language, Truth, and Logic. Mineola, NY: Dover.

[5] _____ (org.). (1959). Logical Positivism. Nova York: The Free Press.

[6] Bergmann, Gustav. (1957). Philosophy of Science. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

[7] _____. (1951). The logic of psychological concepts. Philosophy of Science, vol. 18, p. 93-110.

[8] Black, Max. (1964). A Companion to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[9] Bloomfield, Leonard. (1969 [1939]). Linguistic Aspects of Science. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol.1, n.4, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

[10] Braithwaite, Richard B. (1953). Scientific Explanation. Londres e Nova York: Cambridge University Press.

[11] Braybrooke, David (org.). (1956). Philosophical Problems of the Social Sciences. Londres: MacMillan.

[12] Brodbeck, May. (1959). Models, Meaning, and Theories. In: Gross, op. cit., p. 373-403.

[13] Carnap, Rudolph. (1959). The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language. In: Ayer, Logical Positivism, op. cit., p. 60-81.

[14] _____. Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology. In: Rorty, op. cit., p. 72-84.

[15] _____. (1967 [1928]). The Logical Structure of the World. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

[16] _____. Testability and meaning. In: Feigl & Brodbeck, op. cit., p. 47-92.

[17] Chisholm, Roderick M. (1966). Theory of Knowledge. Upper Saddle River, NJ. [Teoria do Conhecimento, s/indicação de tradutor, Zahar, 1969].

[18] Danto, Arthur; Morgenbesser, Sidney (orgs.). (1960). Philosophy of Science: Meridian Books. Filosofia da ciência. (1975). Sem indicação de tradutor, São Paulo: Cultrix/Ed. USP.

[19] Feigl, Herbert. (1967). The“Mental” and the “Physical”: the essay and a postscript. Mineápolis: University of Minnesota Press.

[20] _____ & May Brodbeck (orgs.). (1953). Readings in the Philosophy of Science. Nova York: Appleton, Century, Crofts.

[21] _____ & Grover Maxwell (orgs.). (1961). Current Issues in the Philosophy of Science. Nova York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

[22] _____. (1958). Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. II, Mineápolis: Minnesota University Press.

[23] _____. (1962). Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. III, Mineápolis: University of Minnesota Press.

[24] _____ & Michael Scriven (orgs.). (1956). Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol.I, Mineápolis: University of Minnesota Press.

[25] Flew, Antony (org.). (1964). Logic and Language. Nova York: Anchor Books.

[26] Goldberg, Arthur; Gregor, James; Gunnell, John. (1969). Symposium on Scientific Explanation in Political Science. American Political Science Review, vol. LXIII, n. 4, p. 1233-1262.

[27] Goodman, Nelson. (1951). The Structure of Appearance, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

[28] Hegenberg, Leônidas. (1969). Explicação Científica. São Paulo: Herder.

[29] Hempel, Carl G. (1965). Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philisophy of Science. Nova York: Free Press.

[30] _____. (1952). Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol. II, n. 7. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

[31] _____. (1966). Philosophy of Natural Science. Nova York, Prentice Hall. Filosofia da ciência natural. (1970). Sem indicação de tradutor, Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.

[32] Joergenson, Joergen. (1951). The Development of Logical Empiricism. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol. II, n. 9. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

[33] Kuhn, Thomas S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. A estrutura das revoluções científicas. (1975). Sem indicação de tradutor, São Paulo: Perpectiva.

[34] Morgenbesser, Sidney; Suppes, P; White, M. (orgs.). (1969). Philosophy, Science, and Method. Nova York: St. Martin’s Press.

[35] Nagel, Ernest. (1961). The Structure of Science. Nova York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

[36] _______; Suppes, P.; Tarski, A. (orgs.). (1962). Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

[37] Natanson, Maurice (org.). (1963). Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Nova York: Random House.

[38] Neurath, Otto. (1944). Foundations of the Social Sciences., Chicago: Chicago University Press.

[39] _______. Sociology and Physicalism. In: Ayer, op. cit., p. 282-317.

[40] Pap, Arthur. (1962). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Nova York: Free Press.

[41] Passmore, John. (1967). Logical Positivism. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 5. Londres: MacMillan, p. 52-57.

[42] Popper, Karl. (1965 [1935]). The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Nova York: Harper and Row. [A lógica da pesquisa científica (1998), trad. Leônidas Hegenberg e Octanny Silveira da Mota, São Paulo: Cultrix, 7ª ed.].

[43] Przeworski, Adam, e Henry Teune. (1970). The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry, Nova York: John Wiley & Sons.

[44] Quine, W. V. Orman. (1951). Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Philosophical Review, 60, p. 20-43.

[45] _____. (1963). From a Logical Point of View, Nova York: Harper & Row.

[46] Reichenbach, Hans. (1968). The Rise of Scientific Philosophy, Los Angeles: University of California Press.

[47] Rorty, Richard (org.). (1967). The Linguistic Turn, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

[48] Rudner, Richard. (1966). Philosophy of Social Science, Englewood Cliffs: Nova Jersey. [Filosofia da Ciência Social, Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1969].

[49] Russell, Bertrand. (1940). An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, Londres: Allen and Unwin.

[50] ____. (1948). Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, Londres: Allen and Unwin. [O conhecimento humano, sua finalidade e limites, s/indicação de tradutor, São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional, 1958].

[51] _____. (1926). Our Knowledge of the External World, Londres: Allen and Unwin. [Nosso conhecimento do mundo exterior: estabelecimento de um campo para estudos sobre o método científico em filosofia, s/indicação de tradutor, São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional, 1966].

[52] Ryle, Gilbert. (2009 [1949; 1971]). The Concept of Mind and Collected Papers (Volumes I and II), Londres: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

[53] Salmon, Wesley. (1973). Logic, Nova York, Prentice Hall. [Lógica, trad. [Leônidas Hegenberg e Octanny Silveira da Mota, Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 6ª ed., 1984].

[54] Schlik, Moritz. The Future of Philosophy, in Rorty, op. cit., p. 43-53.

[55] Toulmin, Stephen. (1953). The Philosophy of Science, Londres: Hutchinson.

[56] Waismann, F. (2013[1967]). Wittgenstein und der Wiener Kreis, trad. [para o inglês] J. Schulte e B. McGinnis, Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

[57] Winch, Peter. (1958). The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy, Londres: Routledge & Kegan Paul. [A ideia de uma ciência social, trad. Anísio Teixeira e Vera Freitas de Castro, São Paulo: Cia Ed. Nacional, 1970].

[58] Wittgenstein, Ludwig. (1922 [1921]). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, edição bilíngue alemão/inglês, trad. [para o inglês] C. K. Ogden, Londres: Routledge & Kegan Paul, [Tractatus logico-philosophicus, trad., apresentação e ensaio introdutório L. H. Lopes dos Santos, introdução Bertrand Russell, São Paulo: EdUSP, 3ª ed. 2001].

[59] ________. (1958). The Blue and Brown Books, edited by R. Rhees, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

[60] _______. (1958 [1953]). Philosophical Investigations, trad. [para o inglês] G. E. M. Anscombe, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, [Investigações filosóficas, trad. Marcos G. Montagnoli, Petrópolis, RJ/Bragança Paulista, SP: Vozes/EdUSF, 9ª ed. 2014].

[61] Friedman, Michael. (1999). Reconsidering Logical Positivism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[62] Galavotti, Maria Carla (org.), Cambridge and Vienna. Frank Ramsey and the Vienna Circle. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.

[63] Hardcastle, Gary; Richardson, Alan (orgs.). (2003). Logical Empiricism in North America, Mineápolis: University of Minneapolis Press.

[64] Parrini, Paolo; Wesley, Salmon; Wesley, Merrilee (orgs.). (2003). Logical Empiricism. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Pittsburg, Pensilvânia: University of Pittsburg Press.

[65] Pincock, Christopher. (2016). Logical Empiricism, in Cappelen, Herman, Tamar Szabó Gendler e John Hawthorne (orgs.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Methodology, Nova York: Oxford University Press, p. 93-111.

[66] Rescher, Nicholas (org.). (1985). The Heritage of Logical Positivism, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

[67] ______. (2006). The Berlin School of Logical Empiricism and its Legacy, Erkenntnis, 64, p. 281-304.

[68] Richardson, Alan; Uebel; Thomas (orgs.). (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[69] Sarkar, Sahotra (org.). (1996). The Legacy of the Vienna Circle: Modern Reappraisals, Nova York: Garland.

[70] Stadler, Friedrich. (2001 [1997]). The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism, Vienna Circle Institute Library, Viena e Nova York: Springer. Edição abreviada e revista, Nova York: Springer, 2005.

[71] ______ (org.). (2003). The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism. Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives, Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Dordrecht-Boston-Londres: Kluwer.

[72] Uebel, Thomas. (2013). Logical Positivism – Logical Empiricism: What’s in a Name?, Perspectives of Science, 21, p. 58-99.

[73] ________. (2016). Vienna Circle, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (org.), Disponível em: <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/vuienna-circle/>.